Appendix
Table 1. Rates of HD access for Māori and European offenders.
|
Measure |
Māori |
NZ European |
p |
Relative Risk |
|
% Granted leave to apply for HD at sentencing |
29.1 |
39.0 |
<.0001 |
1.34 |
|
% Granted HD by Parole Board |
10.7 |
19.3 |
<.0001 |
1.80 |
Table 2. Summary of fitted logistic regression models for measures of access to HD.
Leave to apply for HD at sentencing
|
Unadjusted Model |
Covariate Adjusted Model |
|||
|
Measure |
B (SE) |
p |
B (SE) |
p |
|
Intercept |
-1.331 (.080) |
<.0001 |
-2.242 (.258) |
<.0001 |
|
NZ European |
.422 (.053) |
<.0001 |
.192 (.060) |
.0013 |
|
Male |
|
|
-.333 (.091) |
.0003 |
|
Age at sentencing |
|
|
-.008 (.003) |
.015 |
|
ROC ROI |
|
|
-1.362 (.207) |
<.0001 |
|
Age <20 at first sentence |
|
|
.233 (.077) |
.003 |
|
Offence seriousness 1 |
|
|
-3.557 (.239) |
<.0001 |
|
Offending history 2 |
|
|
-3.276 (.276) |
<.0001 |
1. Offence seriousness is a linear composite of the following factors: most serious offence group; sentence seriousness and sentence length. It is scored so that a higher score implies greater offence seriousness.
2. Offending history is a linear composite of the following factors: number of previous custodial sentences, all indicators of previous sexual or violent offences, gang membership, previous breaches of sentence convictions and previous sentences involving community work or supervision. It is scored such that a higher score implies a worse offending history.
Granted HD by Parole Board
|
Unadjusted Model |
Covariate Adjusted Model |
|||
|
Measure |
B (SE) |
p |
B (SE) |
p |
|
Intercept |
-2.808 (.113) |
<.0001 |
4.970 (.512) |
<.0001 |
|
NZ European |
.688 (.070) |
<.0001 |
.348 (.100) |
.0005 |
|
Male |
|
|
-.636 (.140) |
<.0001 |
|
Age at sentencing |
|
|
-.013 (.006) |
.016 |
|
ROC ROI |
|
|
-1.966 (.350) |
<.0001 |
|
Age <20 at first sentence |
|
|
.120 (.123) |
.34 |
|
Offence seriousness 1 |
|
|
-4.289 (.489) |
<.0001 |
|
Offending history 2 |
|
|
-2.850 (.478) |
<.0001 |
|
Leave to apply at sentencing |
|
|
-5.441 (.338) |
<.0001 |
1. Offence seriousness is a linear composite of the following factors: most serious offence group; sentence seriousness and sentence length. It is scored so that a higher score implies greater offence seriousness.
2. Offending history is a linear composite of the following factors: number of previous custodial sentences, all indicators of previous sexual or violent offences, gang membership, previous breaches of sentence convictions and previous sentences involving community work or supervision. It is scored such that a higher score implies a worse offending history.
Table 3. Rates of HD access for Māori and European offenders after adjustment for offender characteristics, offence seriousness and offending history.
|
Measure |
Māori |
NZ European |
Adjusted Relative Risk |
|
% Granted leave to apply for HD at sentencing |
31.9 |
35.5 |
1.11 |
|
% Granted HD by Parole Board |
13.1 |
15.5 |
1.18 |